Janus, the Roman god of beginnings and transitions, has two faces: one looking to the past, one to the future. January is the month named after him. As prospects for the global economy and financial markets are evaluated at the start of 2023, a look to the past can help us assess what the future may hold.
However, with 2022 having been a year of highly unusual events – China’s zero-Covid approach, the Russia-Ukraine war and the rapid rise in interest rates – circumspection is in order.
China in the world
In China, the pre-Covid era was a strong and stable one. Economic growth ran at around 6-7% on an annualised basis between 2015 and 2019. Certainly, there were concerns about the veracity of that data and various measures sought to provide a more reliable indication. But even so, the gyrations of growth from 2020 to 2022 were particularly astonishing.
Looking forward, the issue is whether China can return to its former performance and once again provide a meaningful contribution to global growth.
A stronger contribution from China would indeed be welcome. Advanced economies are at varying degrees of recession risk, with the chances highest in Europe.
China’s re-opening of its economy provides some grounds for optimism that it can return to its former role, although the limited efficacy of China’s home-produced vaccines and the absence of broad immunity pose the risk of renewed economic dislocation.
Worker shortages due to sickness are already widely reported, with disruption to the global supply chain likely throughout 2023. In the short-term the mass travel associated with Chinese New Year, starting on 22 January, poses a significant risk.
To help support growth, China can ease policy further, especially as inflation has remained subdued. That is in sharp contrast to the advanced economies where inflation rates are still close to 10%.
The good news for advanced economies is that there is some evidence, especially in the US, of wage growth moderating. The risks of a wage-price spiral may well have been exaggerated.
China’s three constraints
Yet reducing interest rates in China is no guarantee of economic recovery and it faces three major structural challenges. First is manufacturing – China is no longer an obviously cheap location for manufacturing. The days of the ‘China price’ when it could undercut manufacturing costs almost anywhere in the world are over.
In Asia, many countries now have much lower labour costs. In Vietnam, monthly wages are a quarter of those in China and the economy is rapidly becoming a viable alternative (or, perhaps more accurately, a complement) to Chinese production. And, for the US, geographic proximity (‘near-shoring’) adds to the advantages of the low costs of Latin American labour.
This is an important reason why we think other emerging economies (ex-China) are now in a stronger relative position to drive growth.
Second is the housing market – China’s credit boom has fuelled house prices, which are now very high relative to incomes and much higher than in well-known expensive locations such as London, Vancouver and San Francisco.
The boom and bust cycle in China’s property market may well take many years to evolve, although recent government actions will certainly be helpful in this regard.
Finally, a a shrinking and ageing population will seriously constrain long-term growth. India will overtake China as the country with the largest population in 2023 and its workforce is much younger.
Reopening and the rest of the world
Even so, China’s reopening will provide some impetus to the rest of the world. In the past, China was characterised as an export-driven economy. That has not been an accurate description for some years: net trade has provided only a small contribution to China’s growth for many years.
What is often neglected is Chinese demand for the goods and services produced by other countries. Understandably, many of those come from China’s near neighbours. But European economies (Germany, Switzerland and France) and Latin America also benefit enormously from China’s demand.
A longer look ahead
Although the focus at the start of the year is on the next 12 months, longer-term prospects are important in helping to assess the economic outlook. A concern for the major advanced economies is that the shortage of workers will persist and constrain growth opportunities.Productivity trends may take up the slack but, realistically, that is more hope than well-founded expectation. The recent trend has been for weaker productivity.
In emerging economies, we think that markets other than China can now play a much more important role in driving world growth. The countries in the MENA region are interesting in this respect.
Sam Jochim is an economist at EFG Asset Management. The views expressed above should not be taken as investment advice.